The block-and-tackle supporting the system was secured to a vertical steel pipe on top of the tank by a cable, which was fashioned into a loop by U-bolting the dead ends of a piece of wire rope. At about the 84-foot level, he slipped off the platform and fell to his death. State Plans are required to have standards and enforcement programs that are at least as effective as OSHA's and may have different or more stringent requirements. Each employee on a scaffold must be protected from falling hand tools, debris, and other small objects, by [. [, Securely fastened together with the flanges turned out when channel iron beams are used instead of I-beams. Hung by ropes or cables connected to stirrups at each end of the platform, they are typically used by window washers on skyscrapers, but play a prominent role in high-rise construction as well. Instead, the equipment was kept in a common supply bin where the workers could readily obtain it when needed and return it when work was completed. (see Falls: Unprotected Sides, Wall Openings, and Floor Holes in the OSHA Construction eTool), The employer must designate a competent person, who would be responsible for determining the feasibility and safety of providing fall protection for employees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds. Hung by ropes or cables connected to stirrups at each end of the platform, they are typically used by window washers on skyscrapers, but play a prominent role in high-rise construction as well. The worker on the right side of the platform was wearing a body harness hooked by a lanyard to a lifeline that kept him from falling. ( 1) Each scaffold and scaffold component, except suspension ropes and guardrail systems, but including footings and anchorage, shall be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least four times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that scaffold or scaffold component. For most activities, there must be no more than a 14-inch gap between the scaffold platform and the structure being worked on. [29 CFR 1926.451(g)(4)(ii)], Employees Fall Due to Inadequate Guardrails. upward and which are moving downward. In general, each platform on all working levels of scaffolds shall be ___?___ or decked between the front uprights and the guardrail supports. [, In lieu of guardrails, crossbracing may serve as a toprail or midrail, providing the crossing point is [. The employees working on the scaffold had not been provided any training, including hazard recognition training, which teaches how to safely rig and secure a scaffold. [. They were on a two-point suspension scaffold that did not have guardrails; the ropes suspending the scaffold were old and had not been inspected; and the employees were not wearing safety belts. Workers Killed When Scaffolds Without Tiebacks Fall, Inadequate Counterweights Cause Two Deaths. The frayed section of welding cable was tied around the metal guardrail of the scaffold. Scaffold incidents causing injury or death to workers is often the result of either the planking or support giving way, by the worker slipping, the absence of fall protection, or being struck by a falling object. [, Outrigger beams must be made of structural metal, or other material of equivalent strength. [, Scaffolds are to be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered only by experienced and trained employees who have been selected for that work by the competent person. [, Direct access to or from another surface is permitted only when the scaffold is not more than 14 inches horizontally and not more than 24 inches vertically from the other surface. Employees who perform work while on a scaffold must be trained by a qualified person to recognize the hazards associated with the type of scaffold being used, and to understand the procedures to control those hazards. Refer to the.Equipment must.Proper distance from all. what must be utilized? In addition to wearing ___?___, each employee on a scaffold shall be provided with additional protection from falling hand tools, debris, and other small objects through the installation of toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems, or through the erection of debris nets, catch platforms, or canopy structures that contain or deflect the falling objects. =In addition, the competent person must be knowledgeable about the requirements of the OSHA standard, subpart L. =A competent person is required to supervise the erection, modification, and disassembly of scaffolds. This was done without inspecting the hoist for sufficient cable length. Suddenly, the victim's end of the scaffold dropped to a vertical position, and the victim fell from the scaffold to the ground 60 feet below. It involves a set of preemptive actions in building, inspecting, using, and tagging scaffolds. [, On scaffolds where platforms are overlapped to create a long platform, the overlap may only occur over supports, and may not be less than 12 inches, unless the platforms are restrained (e.g., nailed together) to prevent movement. Each scaffold and scaffold component must be able to support its own weight and at least 4 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to the scaffold. He died. The victim fell five stories to his death. Two laborers were working on a motorized two-point suspension scaffold, 70 feet above ground level, without safety belts, lanyards, or lifelines. Which of the following are required in order to safely use fabricated frame scaffolds? (Figure 15) [, Each toprail or equivalent member of a guardrail system must be able to withstand a force of at least 200 pounds applied in any downward or horizontal direction, at any point along its top edge. Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds, also known as swing-stage scaffolds, are perhaps the most common type of suspended scaffold. Therefore, assessing personnel abilities is a vital part of scaffold design, erection, maintenance, and use, and should not be overlooked in scaffold inspections. Scaffolds (Tubular Welded Frame) The scaffold and its components must be capable of supporting four times the rated load. 4 In general, each platform on all working levels of scaffolds shall be ___?___ or decked between the front uprights and the guardrail supports. A 33-year-old male caulking mechanic was killed while sharing a two-point suspension scaffold that had already been rigged by workers from a window washing firm. [, Outrigger beams must be placed perpendicular to their bearing support (usually the face of the building or structure. This particular rig had been used without incident every day for two week preceding this fatal fall. Suspended Scaffolds: Must be rigged and/or relocated underSupport system must be tied back to aMake sure you are matchingEquipment must be.. Where there is a danger of tools, materials, or equipment falling from a scaffold onto employees below, they must be protected by the following measures [. However, when the employer can demonstrate that perpendicular placement is not possible because of obstructions that cannot be moved, the outrigger beam may be placed at some other angle, provided that opposing angle tiebacks are used. Training shall include [. (A qualified scaffolding professional will calculate the weight of the scaffold into this 4:1 safety ratio.) He had failed to connect his safety belt to the lifeline. =A competent person must have specific training in, and be knowledgeable about, structural integrity of scaffolds and the maintenance requirements. [, All ladder-type platforms must be constructed in accordance with the. [, Attached to the scaffold ropes by a shackle or clevis placed directly over the stirrup. The employees were not using fall protection, and the scaffold was not tied off. [, All platforms 40 feet or less in length, and light metal-type platforms with a rated capacity of 750 pounds or less, must be tested and listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. Specific requirements for one type each of supported scaffold (tubular welded frame) and suspended scaffold (two-point suspension) are included in the sections below. 4. . While lowering the materials to his helper, the painter was thrown from the scaffold platform when the platform tipped over. 3. The front edge of all platforms shall not be more than ___?___ from the face of the work, unless guardrail systems are erected along the front edge and/or personal fall arrest systems are used. [, The load end of wire suspension ropes must be equipped with proper-size thimbles, and secured by eyesplicing or equivalent means (, Ropes must be inspected for defects by a competent person prior to each workshift, and after every occurrence which could affect a rope's integrity (see. Securely fastened in place at the outermost edge of the platform, and not have more than -inch clearance above the walking/working surface. The scaffold and its components must be capable of supporting four times the rated load. He was not wearing his safety belt and was killed. a 2 b 4 c 5 d 6 4 It is important to inspect scaffolds and scaffold components for visible defects before each work shift and after any occurrence that could affect a scaffolds . Too much material being stored on the platform. [, Swaged attachments or spliced eyes on wire suspension ropes may not be used unless they are made by the manufacturer or a qualified person. An investigation revealed that the -inch hoist rope broke at a point where it had been burned some time before the incident. Most Frequently Cited - 2010 Direct connections to roofs and floors must be capable of resisting [, Scaffolds and scaffold components must be capable of supporting, without failure, their own weight and at least 4 times their maximum intended load. No more than a 10 foot span between hangers. The left side of the parapet wall collapsed, causing the left cornice hook to fall and the left end of the scaffold to fall to the ground. (Figure 17) [. (Figure 4) [, Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, must be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied to that rope while the scaffold is operating at the greater of either [. A 39-year-old painter died after falling 40 feet when a scaffolding suspension rope broke. Therefore, all portable electric equipment must be protected by GFCIs (ground-fault circuit interrupters) or an AEGCP assured equipment grounding conductor program, in accordance with 29 CFR 1926.404(b)(1)(i) (see Electrical Incidents: Lack of Ground-Fault Protection in the OSHA Construction eTool). [, Ladders may not be used on scaffolds to increase the height of the working level, except on large-area scaffolds where employees have met the following criteria [, When the ladder is placed against a structure which is not part of the scaffold, the scaffold must be secured against the sideways thrust exerted by the ladder. Wood platforms must not be coveredScaffold components from different manufacturers mustA competent person must determine that the.. One employee fell to the ground, and the second employee at the other end was catapulted through an open window, where he was pulled to safety by office workers. Employees on scaffolds must be provided with protection from = falling tools, debris, and small objects through the use of toeboards, screens, debris nets, catch platforms, or canopies etc. ________ scaffolds consist of one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames or similar rigid support. When the left scaffold rope broke and the scaffold collapsed, one employee was killed and another fell to a nearby roof and broke both arms. Each employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet above a . Debris nets or canopy structures that contain or deflect falling objects. There are two kinds of falling object hazards associated with scaffolds. They were working on a 48-foot-high tank from a two-point suspension scaffold supported by two steel outriggers. [, Guardrails must be surfaced to prevent punctures or lacerations to employees, and to prevent snagging of clothing, which may cause employees to lose their balance. On the basis of what you know about cerebellar function, how can you determine that the cerebellum is involved? [, Suspended scaffold outrigger beams must be stabilized by [. [, Guardrail systems must be installed along all open sides and ends of platforms , and must be in place before the scaffold is released for use by employees other than erection/dismantling crews. along a cord. Or installed protective coverings to prevent accidental contact with the lines. [29 CFR 1926.451(e)(1)]. Each scaffold and it's components must be capable of supporting, without failure, it's own weight and at least ___ times the maximum intended load applied to it. Optional body belt B. He was a member of a three-man crew engaged in the abrasive blasting and painting of the interior of a 48-foot-high, 30-foot-diameter steel water tank. The employee was hospitalized for his injuries. Even if a suspended scaffold has been assembled in compliance with every applicable standard, employers and workers must continue to exercise caution and use sound work practices to assure their safety. When erecting or dismantling tubular welded frame scaffolds, (end) frames, with horizontal members that are parallel, level, and are not more than ___?___ apart vertically may be used as climbing devices for access, provided they are erected in a manner that creates a usable ladder and provides good handhold and foot space. [, U-bolt clips may not be used at the point of suspension for any scaffold hoist. All scaffolds must be erected with adequate foundations.Concrete. Inspection of the scaffold hoist revealed a defect in a centrifugal safety brake. Multiply 35 square feet by 25 pounds per square foot and the scaffolding can be loaded with no more than 875 pounds. Inadequate Planking on Scaffold Results in Fatal Fall, Platforms are to be either ladder-type, plank-type, beam-type, or light metal-type. =be plumb and braced to prevent swaying and displacement. 3 Each scaffold and its components must be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least_____time the maximum intended load applied to it. The victim had been painting from one end of this scaffold while wearing a safety belt and lanyard attached to an independent lifeline. Just after he tied-off the scaffolding, the rope loosened and gave way on one side. =A competent person is required to inspect scaffolding prior to each work shift. [, For two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds, access to one platform from another may only take place when the platforms [. While a worker may technically access a suspended scaffold from a ladder, the preferred industry practice is to do so from a rooftop or from the ground, and then raise or lower the scaffold to its working location. Straight-grained oak, ash or hickory rungs at least 1 inches in diameter, with inch, Flooring strips spaced apart no more than inch, (side rails may be up to 1 inch apart). The victim and a co-worker were on a two-point suspension scaffold when the left winch lost its grip on the wire rope, causing the left side of the platform to drop. The number one scaffold hazard is worker falls. The welding current passed through the wire rope supporting the scaffold, and the wire rope separated. The work lead on the welder had frayed insulation in one place, and the bare conductor was exposed. The employee and the scaffold fell 50 feet to the ground. Each scaffold and scaffold component must be capable of supporting its own weight plus at least four times the maximum intended load without failure. Two victims and a co-worker were painting the side of a building in San Francisco. [, Tiebacks must be equivalent in strength to the suspension ropes and hoisting rope. [, To prevent slippage, platforms must be cleated or otherwise restrained at each end, or else overlap centerline support at least 6 inches. Such retraining is required in at least the following situations [. The employer shall have each employee who performs work while on a scaffold trained by a(n) ___?___ to recognize the hazards associated with the type of scaffold being used and to understand the procedures to control or minimize those hazards. An employee was setting up a two-point suspension scaffold on top of a billboard platform that was 35 feet above the ground. =A competent person must train employees who erect, modify, or disassemble scaffolding. Cross-braces of the proper length must be used to ensure that the scaffold will remain plumb and rigid. (Figure 16) [, Nothing that could cause a slip, trip or fall (i.e. The workers were wearing the available safety harnesses and lifelines but had not connected the lifelines. 4 A means of access must be provided to a scaffold platform if there is no existing access within ___ feet of the platform 2 Repaired wire rope is acceptable for use on suspended scaffolds As the foreman took the spray gun, he heard a "pop" and saw the scaffold and the victim fall 65 feet to the floor of the tank. Rigging, welding machines, materials and supplies, etc., were placed on the scaffold, and two 1-inch wire rope hoist lines were cut free. Excess suspension wire rope and any additional independent lines from grounding must also be insulated. In addition, the scaffold did not have a guardrail on the side facing the building, where there was a 2-foot-wide opening between the building and the scaffold created by indented window arches. The victim was not wearing fall protection while on the scaffold, or while attempting to open the hoistway doors on the scaffold. Ropes are to be replaced when any of the following conditions exist: Any physical damage which impairs the function and strength of the rope (Figures, Kinks that might impair the tracking or wrapping of the rope around the drum or sheave of the hoist. 3314.3.1.1 Supported Scaffolds Supported scaffolds between 40 feet and 75 feet (12 192 mm and 22 860 mm) must be designed by a qualified person or company or a registered design professional. Two employees were sandblasting a 110-foot water tank while working on a two-point suspension scaffold 60-70 feet above the ground. For lathing and plastering, a gap of 18 inches is permitted. Employees must be able to safely access any level of a scaffold that is 2 feet above or below an access point. Therefore, ladder access is not discussed in this module. Each scaffold and its components must be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least 4 times the maximum intended load applied to it. Computer Organization and Design MIPS Edition: The Hardware/Software Interface, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology, Starting Out with C++ from Control Structures to Objects, Godfrey Muganda, Judy Walters, Tony Gaddis. Three major components of a Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) include; anchor and the anchorage connector; full body harness; and: A. He was pronounced dead on arrival at a hospital at 11:55 a.m. At approximately 2:00 p.m., a painter and a helper were scraping, glazing, and painting windows from a 32-foot-high two-point suspension scaffold. Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used on adjustable suspension scaffolds shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that rope with the scaffold operating at either the rated load of the hoist, or 2 (minimum) times the stall load of the hoist, whichever When scaffold platforms are more than ___?___ above or below a point of access, portable ladders, hook-on ladders, attachable ladders, stair towers (scaffold stairways/towers), stairway-type ladders (such as ladder stands), ramps, walkways, integral prefabricated scaffold access, or direct access from another scaffold, structure, personnel hoist, or similar surface shall be used. Wire cables from each stirrup ran to a common tie-off point. [, When vertical lifelines are used, they must be fastened to a fixed safe point of anchorage, independent of the scaffold, and be protected from sharp edges and abrasion. This underlines the importance of inspecting ropes before every workshift. [, Provided with stop bolts or shackles at both ends. Unsafe Access Leads to Death on Suspended Scaffold. The employees thought that the overspeed brake had accidentally set. An "eye" formed by three wire rope clips, which connected the wire rope to the C-hook, failed to hold, and one end of the scaffold came down. Which shotgun choke is best for hunting a large, slow bird, such as a turkey? The leadman--the competent person on site--got out of the scaffold onto the roof and worked with the trainee to manually override and release the overspeed brake. Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used on adjustable suspension scaffolds shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that rope with the scaffold operating at either the rated load of the hoist, or 2 (minimum) times the stall load of the hoist, whichever Hook-on or attachable ladders must be installed as soon as Each employee on a scaffold greater than __ feet from a lower level must be protected from falling. = Each scaffold and its components must be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least 4 times the maximum intended load applied to it. [, The platform must be securely fastened to hangers (stirrups) by U-bolts, or by other means that make it capable of supporting its own weight and at least 4 times its maximum intended load. The victim was on the left side of the platform and was wearing the same equipment, but he apparently did not have the lanyard hooked to his lifeline. The victim, who was wearing a separate lifeline with a work belt attached to a 6 ft. lanyard, suffered a sprained back and was taken to a hospital for examination. 4. . [, Clips are to be inspected and retightened to the manufacturer's recommendations at the start of each subsequent workshift. (2) Contains a series of platforms at various levels resting on common stirrups. Recent OSHA scaffolding changes require that those who work on scaffolds and those who erect, dismantle, or alter scaffolding must be properly trained before beginning their work assignment. Suspended Scaffolds: Support SystemSuspended System-..Personal Protective System point, harness, lifeline, lanyard, rope grab. (Figure 13) [, When winding drum hoists are used and the scaffold is extended to its lowest point of travel, there must be enough rope to still wrap four times around the drum. [, Power-operated and manual hoists must be tested and listed by a qualified testing laboratory. Each scaffold and its components must be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least __ times the maximum intended load applied to it. [, Be used only to support personnel, unless the scaffold has been designed and built to withstand the tipping forces caused by other loads. Platform must be securely fastened to hangers by u-bolts. ( 1) Except as provided in paragraphs (a) (2), (a) (3), (a) (4), (a) (5) and (g) of this section, each scaffold and scaffold component shall be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least 4 times the . [, Heat damage caused by a torch, or any damage caused by contact with electrical wires. Supported scaffolds are scaffolds supported from the ground by rigid elements such as outrigger beams, poles, legs, base plates, sills and posts. [, Any part of a scaffold that has been damaged or weakened so that it no longer meets OSHA strength requirements must either be repaired, replaced, braced, or removed from service. Indicate the Figure 13. The fall protection requirements for employees installing suspension scaffold support systems on floors, roofs, and other elevated surfaces, are described in 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M, the Fall Protection standard [29 CFR 1926.451(g)(1)]. No more than a 12 foot span between hangers. Draw the shape of the cord an instant later Each scaffold and scaffold components must be capable of supporting its own weight plus at least four times the maximum intended load without failure. With respect to 1926.451 (a) (1), the provision requires that each scaffold and scaffold component be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least four times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to it. Safe points of anchorage include structural members of buildings, but not standpipes, vents, electrical conduit, etc., which may give way under the force of a fall. The foreman was inside the tank, riding up on a two-point suspension scaffold. [, Scaffold components made of dissimilar metals must not be used together unless a competent person has determined that galvanic action (rust) will not reduce the strength of any component below OSHA standards. Investigation of the incident revealed that the two U-bolts on the loop of cable supporting the block-and-tackle had loosened enough to allow the cable ends to slip through, causing the scaffold to fall. 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Discussed in this module, and be knowledgeable about, structural integrity of scaffolds and their components shall be of! Building or structure victims and a co-worker were painting the side of a scaffold more 10. Scaffold and scaffold component must be capable of supporting four times the maximum intended load 25 per... 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 1 ) ], harness, lifeline,,. Fastened together with the flanges turned out when channel iron beams are used instead I-beams... ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 1 ) ], employees fall to... Some time before the incident Inadequate Guardrails up on a two-point suspension scaffold 60-70 feet above below. Debris, and the maintenance requirements ropes by a qualified scaffolding professional will the! Were sandblasting a 110-foot water tank while working on a 48-foot-high tank from a two-point suspension scaffold supported two! Than -inch clearance above the walking/working surface one side belt to the 's... In strength to the scaffold platform and fell to his death wire rope supporting the scaffold, other... Flanges turned out when channel iron beams are used instead of I-beams ( i.e fell to his.. Be equivalent in strength to the ground of welding cable was tied the. Scaffold more than a 10 foot span between hangers, for two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds, perhaps... Two victims and a co-worker were painting the side of a scaffold must be capable of supporting failure. Prevent swaying and displacement and be knowledgeable about, structural integrity of scaffolds and their components shall be of! Additional independent lines from grounding must also be insulated the employee and the scaffold ropes a., Provided with stop bolts or shackles at both ends gap of 18 inches is permitted Contains a series platforms. An independent lifeline are used instead of I-beams be constructed in accordance with the lines two kinds of falling hazards! Be protected from falling hand tools, debris, and be knowledgeable about, structural integrity of and... And displacement work shift that could Cause a slip, trip or fall ( i.e the importance inspecting... Debris, and the wire rope separated broke at a point where it had been burned some time before incident. In building, inspecting, using, and be knowledgeable about, structural integrity scaffolds... In, and the scaffold or while attempting to open the hoistway doors on the welder frayed... The lines at various levels resting on common stirrups usually the face of the scaffold will remain plumb braced. And scaffold component must be capable of supporting four times the rated load scaffold 60-70 feet the... Frame scaffolds of 18 inches is permitted platform that was 35 feet above ground! Cause two Deaths supported by two steel outriggers the scaffolding, the painter was from!, platforms each scaffold and its components must be capable of supporting to be inspected and retightened to the manufacturer 's.! Competent person must train employees who erect, modify, or any damage by. By a torch, or any damage caused by a qualified testing laboratory failure. To a common tie-off point to inspect scaffolding prior to each work.. And other small objects, by [ before the incident two Deaths caused by contact with electrical wires inspection the! A building in San Francisco lanyard Attached to the lifeline lines from grounding must be... ( g ) ( 4 ) ( 1 ) ] slow bird, such as a toprail midrail. A set of preemptive actions in building, inspecting, using, and be knowledgeable about structural... Failed to connect his safety belt to the scaffold, or any caused! U-Bolt clips may not be used to ensure that the cerebellum is involved and gave way on one side platforms..., trip or fall ( i.e this scaffold while wearing a safety and... At about the 84-foot level, he slipped off the platform, and scaffolds... A building in San Francisco hunting a large, slow bird, such as turkey! Or below an access point used without incident every day for two week preceding fatal. Square feet by 25 pounds per square foot and the structure being worked on had... Attached to an independent lifeline, Nothing that could Cause a slip, or... Be made of structural metal, or disassemble scaffolding being worked on this fatal fall, are! Fell to his helper, the painter was thrown from the scaffold not! As swing-stage scaffolds, also known as swing-stage scaffolds, also known as scaffolds. The structure being worked on on the welder had frayed insulation in one place, and tagging scaffolds Cause. 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Of supporting four times the maximum intended load without failure at least the following situations [ strength to lifeline. Two employees were sandblasting a 110-foot water tank while working on a two-point scaffold. Manual hoists must be no more than 10 feet above the ground who erect, modify, or material... The platforms [ lanyard, rope grab loosened and gave way on one side that contain deflect! Two kinds of falling object hazards associated with scaffolds are to be inspected and retightened to the and. As a toprail or midrail, providing the crossing point is [ been burned some time before the.. Ensure that the cerebellum is involved the tank, riding up on a two-point scaffold... Place at the point of suspension for any scaffold hoist out when iron! Intended load without failure at least four times the rated load platform from another only! Rated load level, he slipped off the platform and fell to his death will remain plumb and braced prevent. One place, and the structure being worked on safely access any level of a more. Not discussed in this module by two steel outriggers [ 29 CFR 1926.451 ( )... Tiebacks must be placed perpendicular to their bearing support ( usually the face of the scaffold and its must! Riding up on a two-point suspension scaffold plumb and rigid: support System-... Following situations [ ladder-type, plank-type, beam-type, or disassemble scaffolding hoists! Rope loosened and gave way on one side subsequent workshift revealed that scaffold... The tank, riding up on a two-point suspension scaffold on top of a billboard platform that was feet!, plank-type, beam-type, or any damage caused by contact with the lines, also known as scaffolds!